Universal Branch Model¶
This section describes the branch model implemented in GridCal. This branch model is a positive sequence model that has been formulated such that it is state of the art.

π model of a branch
To define the π branch model we need to specify the following magnitudes:
Where:
Magnitude | Units | Description |
---|---|---|
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p.u. | Resistance of the equivalent branch model. |
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p.u. | Reactance of the equivalent branch model. |
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p.u. | Shunt conductance of the equivalent branch model. |
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p.u. | Shunt susceptance of the equivalent branch model. |
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p.u. | Transformer tap module. This value indicates the internal voltage regulation and it is around 1. i.e. 0.98, or 1.05. |
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radians | Phase shift angle. |
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p.u. | Virtual tap that appears because the difference of bus HV rating and the transformer HV rating. |
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p.u. | Virtual tap that appears because the difference of bus LV rating and the transformer LV rating. |
GridCal computes and
automatically from the values. Also bear in mind that the sense in
which the transformer is connected matters. This is dealt with automatically as well.
The basic complex magnitudes are:
The compete formulation of the branch primitives for the admittance matrix is:
In GridCal the primitives of all the branches are computed at once in a matrix fashion, but for didactic purposes the non-matrix formulas are included here.
Temperature correction¶
The general branch model of gridCal features correction of the resistance due to the temperature. This feature is most applicable to lines. Usually the wires’ catalogue resistance is measured at 20ºC. To account for corrections GridCal
Where is a parameter that depends of the material of the wires anf
is the temperature
difference between the base and the operational temperatures.
For example
Material | Test temperature (ºC) | ![]() |
---|---|---|
Copper | 20 | 0.004041 |
Copper | 75 | 0.00323 |
Annealed copper | 20 | 0.00393 |
Aluminum | 20 | 0.004308 |
Aluminum | 75 | 0.00330 |
Embedded Tap changer¶
The general branch model features a discrete tap changer to be able to regulate the parameter manually
and automatically from the power flow routines in a realistic way.